Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Answer questions - Essay Example These standards remain the bedrock of current administration hypothesis; late scientists have reï ¬ ned or created them to suit present day conditions and some portion of it is the utilization of data framework to make the management’s five exercises to be increasingly effective. These administration exercises include successful treatment of data and this is the place compelling data frameworks come in supportive. For instance, in playing out the controlling part of the executives, it would include taking care of different arrangement of data to check if certain measures are met underway, deals or different business work. Data framework will assist me with getting this data through a system and dealing with this monstrous measure of data will be simpler using data programming which would have been in any case relentless without the assistance of data framework. This makes me productive and ready to all the more successfully at a lesser time. Rules for its moral utilize anyway should be built up. Private data that identifies with the representative or data that doesn't identify with the activity must not be unveiled or utilized for other reason other than what it is expected. Innovation can be useful however can likewise be dangerous on the off chance that it isn't guided by moral thought. HTML represents Hypertext Markup Language. Tim Berners-Lee, an architect from CERN initially built up the possibility of HTML. The possibility of HTML came out of Berner-Lee’s dissatisfaction of signing on to various PCs just to get the data he required. He pondered that there must be a superior method to get a lot of data from various PCs which conceived an offspring the possibility of HTML. So the first idea of HTML was a hyper-text framework that associates organizing innovation and conventions to share data between PCs. From that point on, it later created to turn into the premise and crucial language of the internet or web (www.landofcode.com). It began with its

Wars of religion and consolidation in France

There were explicit timeframes in the memorable time of France when religion was a genuine issue for its residents. France was involved by the war on religion during very nearly four decades since 1562 up to 1598. There were three incredible times of the war which were held during 1562 †1576 (the initial segment of the war), 1572 †1588 (wars of religion and the Saint Bartholomew slaughter), and 1588 †1598 (wars of religion and the Edict of Nantes).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Wars of religion and solidification in France explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fundamental powers in this war of religions were the Protestants, the Huguenots, the Catholics, who fought for control in France. Religion had never been a fundamental political instrument until 1562? In any case, during the further 40 years religion became significant factor for policy centered issues. Battling for mastery, rulers did utilized religion as the instrument yet not as the last motivation behind the wars, the principle reasons of which were the budgetary, auxiliary and character shortcomings of the government, factional contention between the significant groups of France who upheld distinctive strict admissions, and financial downturn. Appearance family, the Bourbons and the Montmorency-Chatillons were three families which battled for the mastery in the nation. As indicated by the heredity, Catherine de Medici took the seat and her Catholic perspectives were bolstered by the Guise family who were nor happy with the expansion of the Protestants impact and drove a military against a protestant church in Champagne. Catherine de Medici was keen on keeping up balance between these two religions, in any case, it was not in light of a legitimate concern for Guise family who needed to pick up the force in the nation. Be that as it may, Catherine de Medici figured out how to discover the harmony among Catholics and Protestants in 1570, in any c ase, the war was continued in 1572 by executing a few thousand Huguenots in Paris. In this way, the third religion was engaged with the war. The wars between such powers as Protestants, Catholics and Huguenots finished in 158 when â€Å"the Edict of Nantes conceded opportunity of love to the entire of France† (Wars of Religion in France). The mark of the Treaty of Vervins among France and Spain totally completed the wars of religion in the nation. Attempting to break down the genuine purposes behind the wars, clearly e first war of religion was brought about by the political resistance of the incredible powers in the nation. The second war of religion more reminded the national revolt for freedom and just the third war might be considered as a genuine war of religion as at that point the showdown between various religions was truly destroying and something ought to be done to adjust those (Kingdon 170).Advertising Looking for paper on history? How about we check whether we ca n support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The last phase of the religions war was incited by the authorization for Protestants to follow their strict groups wherever in France aside from Paris. Numerous sides in the nation were disappointed with the choices. Holt Concludes that â€Å"the genuine heritage of the French Wars of religion, in any case, was that this talk of absolutism existed together with the expanded social polarization among rich and poor that came about because of the common wars themselves† (Holt 222). Attempting to rethink the occasions which occurred in France during the wars of religion, it is conceivable to reason that the protracted war period was crated by the rulers and their failure to keep up request in the general public. Battling for the force and the seat, rulers disregarded individuals and their needs. The wars of religion were conceivable just when the crown was shared and one political force won (Knecht 90). This case bolster s once again the possibility that religion is normally utilized as the force for administering individuals in close to home political games. Thinking about the aftereffect of the wars, a few people may believe that the Edict of Nantes and the Treaty of Vervins figured out how to take care of the strict issues. In any case, this isn't generally right as these measures were taken to stop dynamic war activities (as the political forces didn't require this instrument in their fight any more) and reestablish the attack of Catholic thoughts through the nation. In this manner, it might be presumed that the wars of religion in France were only the political instrument in hands of rulers. Attempting to fathom individual issues, the amazing groups of France showed up before the decision of the battling technique. Some extra issues which might be considered as the pushing parts of the undertaking simply bolstered the longing of the ground-breaking families to utilize religion as the methods fo r making individuals propelled by the thought and to battle for the interests of a solid political force. It ought to be expressed that strict issues consistently exist and there is no nation where the issue of religion isn't put at edge, in any case, a few governments figure out how to keep up balance between various religions in the nation to ensure that all residents stay fulfilled, However, on the off chance that one wants to utilize religion as the instrument, he/she can generally do it being propelled by the incredible case of the wars of religion in France between 1562-1598. Works Cited Holt, Mack P. The French Wars of Religion, 1562-1629, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Print. Kingdon, Robert McCune. Geneva and the Consolidation of the French Protestant Movement, 1564-1572: A Contribution to the History of Congregationalism, Presbyterianism and Calvinist Resistance Theory. New York: Librairie Droz, 1967. Print.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Wars of religion and union in France explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Knecht, Robert. The French Religious Wars 1562-1598. New York: Osprey Publishing, 2002. Print. â€Å"Wars of Religion in France.† France This Way, 2012, web, 11 Sept. 2012, https://www.francethisway.com/history/warsofreligion-a.php This article on Wars of religion and combination in France was composed and put together by client Sasha Carroll to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Lolita, Estella, Lana, and Me

Lolita, Estella, Lana, and Me “This is probably way too personal,” is a thing I think quite frequently when writing for the internet. “You never know who might be reading it.” Which is both a good thing and a bad thing, really, because sure, someone it’s vaguely about could be reading itbut so could someone who feels it’s about them, and isn’t that much more important? I think it is, so here I am, about to tell you stuff about my life that I really don’t talk about, only writewritewrite. Remember the first time you read something that reminded you of something else you’d read? It was long before you learned the word intertextuality, I’m sure (at least, it was for me). For me, it was the same moment I realized that I had read enough that such a thing could finally happen. I mean, okay, in my case I was 13 and it was the title of Tori Amos’s Boys for Pele  that reminded  me of a Sweet Valley Twins Super Edition called The Unicorns Go Hawaiian; still, I felt pretty cool because I had learned from the book that Pele was a volcano goddess and understood on a very basic level what Boys for Pele meant. The title, not the album; I was waaaayyy too young for that album when I bought it, thank goddess, or I might not have loved it as hard as I did. Anyway. On to the personal. When I first read Lolita, I was 21. When I first read Great Expectations, I was 16. When I first heard Lana Del Rey, I was 28. I’m far from a Lana fangirl, but  I feel like I get her persona because to me, it’s a character that couldn’t exist without Lolita and Estella. She became the link between the Nabokov, the Dickens, and my own history, somehow; now I can’t separate her from them. It’s just math, really: Lolita + Estella + Lana = me, for a highly formative five-year period of my life. I should be very thankful that it’s not me now at all, now that I’m happily married and just sitting around crocheting and reading books and hiding from excitement as best I can; not me now, finally feeling healed and alive and strong instead of sad and broken and Interestingâ„¢. I cringe now when I think about being 16, being 21, and the time in between when I was so busy playing characters that I’m only just now getting around to processing what really happene d (in writing of course, the way I process everything). I cringe, and I write, and I put it on the internet. *** As a survivor of a very specific type of psychological and physical violence from a young age until a slightly less-young age, I adopted the persona of a girl who could take it. I stood up and fought back, but never enough to deter the perpetrators from striking again. And again. And again. Bruised and sore, I was, but never ever willing to back down from a fight. I even convinced myself that I provoked the fights just to prove how tough I was. Tough as nails, rough as pine bark. In control, in other words. But no: nice, sugar and spice, a powder puff, a teary-eyed  puddlebut only in private. When I first read Lolita, I intentionally read her as the same, to console myself, to lift myself up and share a pedestal with this idealized-but-victimized young girl. That’s what my 21-year-old self needed, flooded as I was with memories I had no idea what to do with; flooded as I had been for five fucking years with all the awfulness I’d repressed. I needed to be idealized, and had been; we’ll get to that. I needed a pedestal because how else could I be sure everyone was looking at me, but only at the carefully-constructed version I wanted them to see. Let’s go back, shall we, even further? When I was 16, I liked a guy. I can’t call him a boy, really, because he was much older, but “man” doesn’t feel right either. I can’t call it like, really, because it turned much bigger and darker. He gave me Wuthering Heights. From there, I went to Jane Eyre and promptly to Dickens. Of course, it helped me along that path when, in 1998, Tori Amos had a song on the soundtrack to the Ethan Hawke/Gwyneth Paltrow abomination  adaptation of Great Expectations. (I actually like that film just fine, but I know I’m not really supposed to.) I paraded myself in front of this guy as much as I could. I preened. I acted out, but only when he was looking. I faked sending flirtatious AOL IMs (it was the late 90s) “to the wrong person, oops, sorry!” You know, to test the water. I wanted him to desire me, to think me wise beyond my years, an old soul, so much smarter than he was at my ageall those things older men should never say to teenage girls but always do anyway. Still, those words were all I was hungry for, and when I finally got them, mere days (okay, nights) shy of my eighteenth birthday, I had no idea what to do with them. When he invited me to his house, I pulled back. This is when he called me Estella for the first time, and I thought that actually, pulling back was showing him I was in control. It implied that he had invested something in me, maybe just lust and maybe a hefty dose of perversity, and that I had the ability to refuse him what he wanted (sex) when I realized he wasn’t going to reciprocate in the way I wanted him to (with love). I needn’t reveal more to get my point across. I hope he doesn’t read this and know himself immediately. I hope he does. That whole era of my life, those two years and the three-yes-three it took to move on, feels like something out of a book. Actually, it is technically  in a book because I wrote literally hundreds of poems about it all, and more. I was prepared in a couple of unique ways, at least, to accept the character Lana Del Rey embodies in her songs. It’s been argued that she glorifies violence against women, that she’s the ultimate poseur, that she plain sucks, and so on. I don’t really keep up with her outside of her music, honestly, so I don’t have opinions on those things. (As a semi-ranty aside, I will say that, while I know she has distanced herself from feminism, it actually hurts rather than helps when other women tear her down for that. We should be asking what feminism is doing wrong that alienates women like her.) All I know is that so many of Lana’s lyrics perfectly narrate my feelings for The Guy. He wasn’t as old as Humbert, and he wasn’t rich like a skeezy old man  in a LDR song, but I’m a little shocked he didn’t quote “light of my life, fire of my loins” at me at some point. The more damaged I painted myself to be, the more interested he became. As if all my past experiences led to me being just exactlywhat?desperate unhinged appealingly crazy enough to give him what he wanted. I persisted; I held back. I took so I could refuse to give. When  Lana Del Rey released Ultraviolence earlier this year, immediately the play on words struck me: Is she trying to talk about the level of violence that’s there but invisible, like ultraviolet light? Verbal abuse. Sexual coercion without physical force. Psychological torture. Everything unnameable and evil that never leaves a bruise, never brings blood, never mars the surface. She sings “he hit me and it felt like a kiss,” sounding disturbingly disaffected, in the voice of a woman who is as accustomed to violence as other women are to affection. She tells herself a man is shitty to her because “I’m pretty when I cry.” She is as trapped as Lolita, as disillusioned as Estella. She’s a link between the two that makes sense to me because of my strained relationship with them both. *** Hi, I’m an open book built of other books, of music and poetry, and especially of the too-personal, rambling essays I’m fond of putting on the internet. I want to know whose words you’re made of, so tell me in the comments.

Affects on Children of Divorced Parents - 1714 Words

Affects on Children of Divorced Parents The topic of the term paper is children of divorced parents. We will look at how divorce affects children from a variety of age groups and genders as well as how they are affected during and after the divorce. There is not a lot of history of research and study surrounding this particular topic. Most has been within the past two decades. Which make sense, since the divorce rate has skyrocketed in very recent history. We will start by examining the affects that the actual divorce process has on children. During this traumatic time, children will tend to pick up on all of the negative behaviors that the parents are exuding. Parental discord can actually be more disturbing to a child than†¦show more content†¦This is something I never would have guessed. Marital disruption will lower a boy’s math and reading performances, which is not the case for girls. Also, boys’ have a higher drop out rate and behavior problems than girls. In addition, children of divorce, predominantly boys, evidenced higher frequencies of dependency, discourteous talk, withdrawal, blaming, as well as carelessness, decreased work ethic, inappropriate behavior, unhappiness and maladaptive symptoms. Usually girls’ difficulties occur preceding the divorce and don’t change substantially after the divorce, while boy’s difficulties increased after the divorce, mainly for substance abu se. For girls, they will manifest distress in ways that are more complicated to observe, like by becoming extra anxious, depressed, or exhibiting over controlled â€Å"good† behavior. After the divorce when parents tend to move, this can be a very critical time for the child. Depending on the age at the time they can either see effects from this immediately or later in the child’s development. When parents move more than an hour away from one another is when it tends to affect the children the most. Students from families where one parent has moved typically received less financial support and they worried more about this support and felt more aggression in their interpersonal relations. They also suffered more distress related to the parent’s divorce and perceived their parentsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Divorce On Children From Divorced Parents And Intact Families Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesend in a divorce. Is this high divorce rate affecting th e children from these divorced families, and if so how is it affecting the children? Or what if a married couple who is unhappy decides to stay together for the children? How does an intact but unhappy family affect the children? So to answer your questions Dr. Phil, I have put together a report from many different books, articles and studies on the effects on a child from a divorced family compared to an intact but an unhappy family. Then IRead MoreWill Children Of Divorce Be Doomed? Their Own Relationships?1414 Words   |  6 PagesKelsey Huffine English Amy Tibbals 12 April 2016 Will Children of Divorce Be Doomed in Their Own Relationships In today’s society divorce is very common. We hear people talk about all the time how children with divorced parents are most likely to fail in their own relationships. So do they? I believe that it can effect your future. I think that whether or not you fail in a relationship it is going to effect you in other aspects of your relationship either making you fail or beating the odds andRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And The Association With Children s Self Esteem By Kim Bastaits1466 Words   |  6 Pagesof divorce. My parents got divorced when I was around five years old. I’m always very interested in the affects divorce has on children, since I am one. Our society has changed to mostly accept divorce. I think divorce is related to the course material because it’s happening a lot in our society; sociology is the study of social behavior, organization, and development. I’m interested in how divorced fathers affect their children’s future . In the research paper, Parenting of Divorced Fathers and theRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And Children1255 Words   |  6 Pagesdivorce on children Throughout time, people from all over the world have chosen to live together, or â€Å"get married†. Marriage is a beautiful thing, but there are some couples who are unable to maintain their relationship, because they choose divorce as a solution to cope with the problems between husband and wife. Although divorce can be solution to cope with problem between the husband and wife, it still has dangerous effects especially on their children. Children with divorced parents are vulnerableRead MoreDivorce Where Children Are Involved Essay1561 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome a major part of our society and affects many people every year. In some instances of divorce, families have been torn apart leaving children stuck in the middle of conflict. This is where children start lashing out at their parents and everyone around them and it is because they are hurt and out of their comfort zone. One cannot forget about the children that divorce affects in a negative way. However, this is not always the case. There are children of divorce that get through it relativelyRead MoreDivorce : Why It Affects Children More Than Adults872 Words   |  4 PagesDivorce: Why It Affects Children More Than Adults In today’s world many things affect children way more than it will adults. Children, while younger, are more vulnerable than adults are, and they have more potential to become â€Å"corrupted†. Divorce is one of the many occurrences that definitely affects children way more than adults. Divorce affects the adults with money issues, loss of a partner, and the lifestyle of the adult and with over â€Å"fifty percent of marriages† (Corcoran 1997) ending in divorceRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Father Child Relationships788 Words   |  4 PagesUniversity of Amsterdam, was interested in how early divorce in a child s life could affect the relationship between a father and an adult child. He asked how frequent they saw their father and about what condition the relationship is at after the divorce. â€Å"The goal of this study was to compare children whose parents divorced during childhood (i.e., when the children were living at home) to children whose parents r emained married during childhood† (Kalmijn, 923). Matthijs found high negative effectsRead MoreHow Divorce Has Changed Changing Society1491 Words   |  6 Pagesview of marriage caused divorce to be perceived as a stigma. Divorce in earlier generations was not granted by the court system unless there were extenuating circumstances (Evolution). For example, if the woman in the marriage was unable to conceive children the divorce would be granted to the man. This remained the standard practice until the 1970’s with the introduction of â€Å"no-fault divorces† (Croteau). â€Å"No-fault† divorces were divorces granted to a family based solely on the request of one of theRead MoreThe Problem Of Divorce Parents853 Words   |  4 Pagesschool. Many things carry on from both parents to affect their kids at school and in their future relationships. Divorces do not just affect the parents it affects kids a lot as well because sometimes they are stuck in the middle on what to do. During a divorce parents are not the only ones involved, children are just as important. Parents still have to communicate after the divorce for the homework and other school activities. †Much of what divorced parents need to communicate about is logistical:Read MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And Teens1402 Words   |  6 Pageshappenings in the world experienced by children. Most children go through different adjustments to become comfortable with the fact that their parents are not together anymore. Children of divorced parents are prone to lifelong effects. Seventy-five to eighty percent of children have divorced parents and twenty-five percent of those children have serious social, emotional, or psychological problems for the rest of their life. Most adults think that it is best for parents to stay together for the sake of

No Criminal Situation Should Be Treated The Same - 942 Words

No criminal situation should be treated the same. Consequences for crimes should be developed based on several factors. It is safe to say what works for one situation might not work for another. There are different concepts when it comes to dealing with juvenile offenders. Those concepts are treatment (rehabilitative) and punishment (punitive). The treatment or rehabilitative concept is defined as follows: The idea of rehabilitation lays on the presumption that criminal conduct is brought about by some component. This point of view does not deny that individuals settle on decisions to infringe upon the law, however it asserts that these decisions are not a matter of pure free will. Instead, the choice to perpetrate a wrongdoing is held to be resolved, or possibly intensely affected, by a man s social surroundings, mental improvement, or biological makeup. Individuals are not all the same—and along these lines allowed to express their will—but instead are distinctive. Th ese individual differences shape how individuals carry on, including whether they are prone to infringe upon the law. At the point when individuals are portrayed by different criminogenic risk factors, for example, an absence of parental love and supervision, peer pressure, antisocial values; they more likely to be included in wrongdoing than individuals not having these experiences and traits. â€Å"Punishment, in criminal law, any pain, penalty, suffering, or confinement inflicted upon a person by theShow MoreRelatedWe All Know That The U.s.1314 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Brown’s case should not be a great example of America’s ideas on race and social classes order, as well as the role of law enforcement since the case is questionable and controversial. Besides that, I think that Loury is surely right when he points out that our communities must be maintained safely from the criminal acts, and people should be treated equally by the law. Also, police officers who are working to serve communities need to protect themselves when criminals intend to harm themRead MoreReflective Paper On Moral Responsibility1507 Words   |  7 Pages Reflective Paper Regarding Moral Responsibility of Rehabilitating Criminals Dalia M Al-Rubaye Parkdale High School Abstract This paper is generally about the correlation between moral responsibility and rehabilitation. Moral responsibility was examined in the context of criminals and ordinary people. What brings about a crime, and what impels an individuals to commit an action that he realizes is wrong. Also, the concept of rehabilitation and the way in which it is applied were examinedRead MoreGender Differences and the Criminal Justice System683 Words   |  3 PagesGender and the Criminal Justice System It would be foolish to assert that gender plays no role in the criminal justice system, just as it would be equally foolish to say that race plays no role in this system either. Covington and Bloom cite the work of Kivel (1992) in reminding all that Where sexism is prevalent, one of the gender dynamics frequently found is that something declared genderless or gender neutral is, in fact, male oriented. The same phenomenon occurs in terms of race in a racistRead MoreJuveniles Treated Like Adults Essays1330 Words   |  6 Pagesextent. What can be done about it? The best answer I can think of is to treat juveniles like adults. They have just as much responsibility and knowledge of their actions just as adults do, so they deserve the same punishment if they commit the same crime. Believe it or not, teens commit the same level of crimes that adults commit. Crimes will get even worse in the future if nothing is strictly done about the unnecessary violent actions. An idea to prevent the c rimes from continuing is to punish juvenilesRead MoreAnalyzing Ethics in the US Legal System1351 Words   |  6 Pagesconduct. Acting with morality is not the strong suit of the U.S. government, especially when it comes to the incarceration of dangerous criminals. Two of the issues that can be seen are the death penalty and the life sentence. Both controversial, it is hard to find a definite, concrete method that makes logical and ethical sense both to the public and the criminal. However, the current protocol takes ‘Cruel and Unusual Punishment’ to a new level. In terms of life sentence, the conditions are not humaneRead MoreCriminal Justice : Should All Criminals Be Treated The Same?1472 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal Justice: Should All Criminals be Treated the Same In 2009, the FBI states that 11 percent of all violent crime clearances and seventeen percent property crime clearances involved only youth (qtd. in Campaign for Youth Justice). Meaning that a little over eighty percent of all crime was done by adults. The FBI also notes that the rate of adult crime has only gone down one percent over the past decade, as where juvenile crime has gone down more than twenty percent (qtd. in CampaignRead MoreEthical Decision Making990 Words   |  4 PagesSTRAYER UNIVERSITY CRJ 220 ETHICS amp; LEADERSHIP IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROFESSOR: JASON DOUGLAS Philosophical Approach to Ethical Decision Making Tasha L. Thomas 01/22/2012 Abstract Ethics is the branch of philosophy that examines questions of morality, or right and wrong. In this paper we will discuss the philosophical approaches used in ethical decision making. The two approaches that will be elaborated on are the utilitarian approach and the universal approach. Several questions willRead MoreThe Relationship Between Educated And Non Educated People Within Social Diverse Groups1074 Words   |  5 Pagesnon-educated people within social diverse groups. I chose this topic because I wanted to understand people opinion and attitudes towards people convicted criminals and how the court system may influence this decision. I believe it is the first step to understand why people are prejudice, racist, and why they think of committing crime. The treatment of criminals is a very big issue in today s society. Most Americans will encounter the court system in some shape or form in their lifetime. Our judicial systemRead MoreThe Criminal Justice And How They Have Evolved After Taking This Class1175 Words   |  5 Pagespaper, I will review what my initial thoughts on the criminal justice and how they have evolved after taking this class. When I first came into this class my original definition of justice was â€Å"everyone in society should be treated equally, fairly and with respect no matter what.† After going through this course and seeing different perspectives I feel that my definition has stayed the same. It covers a broad idea of how people should be treated but is specific enough for everyone to know what itRead MoreRestorative Justice And Reducing Prison Population1495 Words   |  6 PagesRestorative Justice to Reduce Prison Population Is long-term incarceration working to resolve issues of criminal conduct? When considering the population of people incarcerated is rising at an alarming rate and crime statistics not dropping by much, it is hard to tell if incarceration is working in these modern times. The United States prison population is the largest in the world. In fact, the United States has 2.3 million persons in institutions which is more than the rest of the world combined

History of Indian Airlines Free Essays

Brief History of Indian Airlines India’s chiefly domestic state-owned carrier, Indian Airlines Ltd. , flies passengers and cargo to 59 domestic and 16 international destinations. Its fleet numbered 52 aircraft in 2000. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Indian Airlines or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indian Airlines has traditionally based its network around the four main hubs of Delhi, Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Calcutta, and Chennai (formerly Madras). The airline carries about six million passengers a year and has a substantial freight operation. Origins The Air Corporations Act of 1953 amalgamated India’s dozen or so airlines, most of them undercapitalized, into two nationalized air carriers: Air-India Ltd. given responsibility for international routes, and Indian Airlines Corporation (IAC), the domestic airline. The eight airlines that were amalgamated into IAC included Air Services of India Ltd. , Airways (India) Ltd. , Bharat Airways Ltd. , Deccan Airways Ltd. (already 70 percent government-owned), Himalayan Aviation Ltd. , Indian National Airways Ltd. , Kalinga Airlines, Ltd. , plus the domestic operations of Air-India Ltd. IAC began operations with a fleet of 74 of the war surplus Douglas DC-3s that had founded its short-lived predecessors. The airline also had thr ee times as many employees as it needed, writes R. E. G. Davies, a situation that was slow to change due to the government’s refusal to allow layoffs. Davies also writes that the standard of maintenance was low and the airline suffered many accidents in its early years. IAC soon moved to bolster its fleet by ordering a few new de Havilland 114 Herons, retired after only a couple of years of service, and Vickers Viscount 768s, which were assigned to trunk routes. The DC-3s continued to supply feeder traffic; they soon began to be phased out by Fokker F-27s and Avro 748s. IAC began flying short-haul jets–French-made Caravelles–in the mid-1960s. The Caravelles were so popular that IAC soon needed larger jets to on the routes between Bombay (Mumbai), Delhi, Calcutta, and Madras (Chennai) that formed the India’s domestic trunk network. IAC’s first Boeing 737s entered service in 1971. Between 1962 and 1972, IAC was called upon to support the military in several campaigns, first in skirmishes with China, and later with the wars with Pakistan that ultimately led to the creation of Bangladesh. Confidence and Crisis in the 1970s and 1980s IAC announced a Rs45 million loss for 1972. The next year, the company had several incidents of aircraft damage or loss. Labor unrest, high fuel costs, political burdens, and built-in inefficiencies added to the company’s problems. However, these were met with such resolve that IAC had the confidence to order its first wide-body jets, Airbus A300s, in 1975. A program to produce ground support equipment in Indian factories was part of the deal. In 1976, new routes stretched across political divisions to Kabul, Afghanistan, in the northwest, and the Maldive Islands in the south. The government allowed the formation of a few new limited service airlines in the 1970s: Air Works India, Huns Air, and Goldensun Aviation. None of them had long life spans. Around 1979, IAC dropped the word â€Å"Corporation† from its name. Another national airline, Vayudoot, was formed in 1981 and tasked with carrying feeder traffic from India’s smaller communities. Indian Airlines’ managing director, Gerry Pais, was Vayudoot’s part-time chairman. Vayudoot was serving more than 100 destinations within India by 1990. The government also set up a helicopter corporation to serve off-shore oil fields. Britain’s  Financial Times  described Indian Airlines as the world’s third largest domestic carrier in the mid-1980s. With business growing at better than ten percent a year, it was increasing its capacity. Indian Airlines ordered a dozen of the new Boeing 757s in August 1984. After Rajiv Gandhi, a former Indian Airlines pilot, became prime minister, this order was changed to Airbus A320s due to what were perceived as political reasons. However, the crash of an Indian Airlines A320 in Bangalore on February 14, 1990–the type’s second major crash globally in a two-year period–sorely tested management’s faith in the plane, which featured new fly-by-wire flight controls and electronic cockpit instrumentation. As part of a plan to merge Indian Airlines with Air-India, the state’s international carrier, two leading young industrialists were appointed to chair the boards of the two companies in autumn 1986. Neither these plans nor the new chairmen lasted very long. In 1987, Indian Airlines carried 10 million passengers and earned a profit of Rs630 million ($48 million). However, the quality of its service was facing criticism, to be heightened by the coming entry of new carriers into the market. India’s chiefly domestic state-owned carrier, Indian Airlines Ltd. flies passengers and cargo to 59 domestic and 16 international destinations. Its fleet numbered 52 aircraft in 2000. Indian Airlines has traditionally based its network around the four main hubs of Delhi, Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Calcutta, and Chennai (formerly Madras). The airline carries about six million passengers a year and has a substantial freight operation. Origins The Air Corporations Act of 1953 amalgamated In dia’s dozen or so airlines, most of them undercapitalized, into two nationalized air carriers: Air-India Ltd. given responsibility for international routes, and Indian Airlines Corporation (IAC), the domestic airline. The eight airlines that were amalgamated into IAC included Air Services of India Ltd. , Airways (India) Ltd. , Bharat Airways Ltd. , Deccan Airways Ltd. (already 70 percent government-owned), Himalayan Aviation Ltd. , Indian National Airways Ltd. , Kalinga Airlines, Ltd. , plus the domestic operations of Air-India Ltd. IAC began operations with a fleet of 74 of the war surplus Douglas DC-3s that had founded its short-lived predecessors. The airline also had three times as many employees as it needed, writes R. E. G. Davies, a situation that was slow to change due to the government’s refusal to allow layoffs. Davies also writes that the standard of maintenance was low and the airline suffered many accidents in its early years. IAC soon moved to bolster its fleet by ordering a few new de Havilland 114 Herons, retired after only a couple of years of service, and Vickers Viscount 768s, which were assigned to trunk routes. The DC-3s continued to supply feeder traffic; they soon began to be phased out by Fokker F-27s and Avro 748s. IAC began flying short-haul jets–French-made Caravelles–in the mid-1960s. The Caravelles were so popular that IAC soon needed larger jets to on the routes between Bombay (Mumbai), Delhi, Calcutta, and Madras (Chennai) that formed the India’s domestic trunk network. IAC’s first Boeing 737s entered service in 1971. Between 1962 and 1972, IAC was called upon to support the military in several campaigns, first in skirmishes with China, and later with the wars with Pakistan that ultimately led to the creation of Bangladesh. Confidence and Crisis in the 1970s and 1980s IAC announced a Rs45 million loss for 1972. The next year, the company had several incidents of aircraft damage or loss. Labor unrest, high fuel costs, political burdens, and built-in inefficiencies added to the company’s problems. However, these were met with such resolve that IAC had the confidence to order its first wide-body jets, Airbus A300s, in 1975. A program to produce ground support equipment in Indian factories was part of the deal. In 1976, new routes stretched across political divisions to Kabul, Afghanistan, in the northwest, and the Maldive Islands in the south. The government allowed the formation of a few new limited service airlines in the 1970s: Air Works India, Huns Air, and Goldensun Aviation. None of them had long life spans. Around 1979, IAC dropped the word â€Å"Corporation† from its name. Another national airline, Vayudoot, was formed in 1981 and tasked with carrying feeder traffic from India’s smaller communities. Indian Airlines’ managing director, Gerry Pais, was Vayudoot’s part-time chairman. Vayudoot was serving more than 100 destinations within India by 1990. The government also set up a helicopter corporation to serve off-shore oil fields. Britain’s  Financial Times  described Indian Airlines as the world’s third largest domestic carrier in the mid-1980s. With business growing at better than ten percent a year, it was increasing its capacity. Indian Airlines ordered a dozen of the new Boeing 757s in August 1984. After Rajiv Gandhi, a former Indian Airlines pilot, became prime minister, this order was changed to Airbus A320s due to what were perceived as political reasons. However, the crash of an Indian Airlines A320 in Bangalore on February 14, 1990–the type’s second major crash globally in a two-year period–sorely tested management’s faith in the plane, which featured new fly-by-wire flight controls and electronic cockpit instrumentation. As part of a plan to merge Indian Airlines with Air-India, the state’s international carrier, two leading young industrialists were appointed to chair the boards of the two companies in autumn 1986. Neither these plans nor the new chairmen lasted very long. In 1987, Indian Airlines carried 10 million passengers and earned a profit of Rs630 million ($48 million). However, the quality of its service was facing criticism, to be heightened by the coming entry of new carriers into the market. Chronology * Key Dates: * 1953:  Indian Airlines is formed as India’s domestic airline. * 1965:  Short-haul Caravelle jets enter the fleet. * 1972:  IAC records a rare loss. * 1975:  The company orders its first widebody jets. * 1992:  India’s domestic air market is deregulated. * 1998:  Plans to merge Indian Airlines with Air-India are drawn up but not approved. 2001:  The Indian government solicits bidders for partial ownership of Indian Airlines. Additional Details * State-Owned Company * Incorporated:  1953 as Indian Airlines Corporation * Employees:  22,500 * Sales:  Rs 3,755 crore ($1 billion) (2001) * NAIC:  481111 Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation; 481112 Scheduled Freight Air Transportation; 481211 Nonsc heduled Chartered Passenger Air Transportation; 481212 Nonscheduled Chartered Freight Air Transportationhttp://www. referenceforbusiness. com/history2/65/Indian-Airlines-Ltd. html#ixzz2DAhNxQo5 How to cite History of Indian Airlines, Essay examples

Effective Leadership Styles

Question: How does ego relate to these forms of leadership? Answer: In the ted talk The rarest commodity is leadership without ego, the presenter Bob Davids emphasizes on the importance of formation of an egoless culture. By referring to his personal experience he tries to emphasize on the fact that in the present organizational structures there are prevalence of managers but there is scarcity of leaders. In order to explain the issue in an in-depth manner he refers to Bob Townsends Up the organization and his interaction with Bob Townsend in order to establish the fact that organizational structure in the present times lacks the present of effective leaders but consists of numbers of managers (Townsend, 1970). With the help of the above mentioned reference, he also tries to provide the audience with supporting evidences to establish the fact that the two concept- management and leadership are completely different perspectives. In the opinion of Bob Davids, the concept of management can be considered as equivalent to control. In the context of business, the concept of management consists of triple constraints of management- quality, time and price. In his opinion if either one of the three concepts are given preference then it create complications and the other two will suffer, resulting in affecting the all entire outcome or end product adversely. He elaborated the concept in further detailing band stated that if the aspect of quality is given preference as compared to the other two concepts i.e. time and money then it will result in not only affecting the two concepts adversely but will also lead to increased requirement of time and money, which will be required to form a better quality. Similarly if the dimension of price is given preference and it is made the determining factor for any product then it will result in comprising and with the dimension of quality and compromise will have to be done in term s of the quality of the product as efforts will be made to make the product cheaper that will evidently lead to negative impact on the aspect of quality (Davids, 2012). Likewise, if the aspect of time will be given priority then it will result in the requirement of more money and at the same time the aspect of quality will be compromised. The reason behind this is the managerial fact that in order to perform any activity at a faster pace, then more resources will be naturally required and performing any activity at a faster pace would imply an adverse impact on the aspect of quality as well. Thus in the opinion of Bob Davids, management would naturally imply control and the interplay of the triple constraints of business i.e. time, quality and money plays an important role in its operation. In his opinion, the main difference of the two concepts is on the fact that in case of operation leadership people come under its operation or functioning. Another dimension of the difference between the two concepts is that in case of management a push factor is always operative, which is used to take the people or team members to a direction. But the perspective to consider in this regard is the fact that, when the push factor is used to control the people as in case of management, then there is no assurance or certainty as to in which direction they will move due to the use of the push factor. But in case of leadership it is essential on the part of the leader to have the skill of making others follow the leader. Having this skill ascertains the direction in which the targeted follower will move, thus providing the particular motive or activity a concrete direction or plan of action (Davids, 2012). He further states in the ted talk that in order to make the people follow and be an effective leader, it is essential on the part of the leader to go down at the level of the followers, step in their shoes and exercise power sharing policies. It is also required to not only provide the followers with the power but also to provide the followers with the required support so that they can effectively exercise the provided power. As a result of incorporation of the above mentioned aspects in the operation of leadership, the followers will naturally provide the leaders with their effective and equal amount of input, in terms of the provided or shared amount of power. On the contrary, restricting power or reducing the amount of shared power will naturally result in reduced input on the part of the followers. Thus, in turn the power that is going to return to the leaders from the followers is going to make the position of the leaders shaky and also result in his or her losing of the position. He concluded by stating that the aspect of leadership is of great importance or value that is very rare. Any individual either have the quality or gift or he or dont have it (Adamek, 2007). There is no other way of achieving it, in his opinion it can only be polished with the help of the above mentioned qualities. He further made the statement that the crucial aspect on the part of an effective leader to be in constant touch of the people that he or she leads and experience them in order explain which he provided the audience with his personal experience of working in China where he gained success because of experiencing and going at the level of the works, thus establishing the above mentioned concept. From the above made discussion and analysis of the ted talk presented by Bob Davids, it can be clearly stated that he is completely against leadership styles like autocratic or transactional ones and makes an attempt to promote leadership styles that are transformative and participative in nature. Thus it can be clearly highlighted that he is in support of leadership style like participative leadership. In this form of leadership a democratic style is emphasized where the employees or team members are constantly encouraged and they are prompted to provide with their inputs. Thus in this kind of leadership style, the people or team members are given out most importance (Johnson, 2016). In this context, the example provided in the ted talk of Ronal Regan can be stated where he used to consider the requirements and needs of his employees. The above mentioned discussion also indicates a support to the Servant Leadership style where the interest of the followers are given outmost importance and aspects like trust, power sharing, fairness and selflessness are exercised in the relationship between the leader and the follower (Johannsen, 2014). In this context the example of Mahatma Gandhi as provided in the ted talk can be mentioned where, selflessness, power sharing and absence of any kind of ego are the main components of the leadership pattern. Thus the absence of ego and power sharing, in the opinion of Bob Davids are the main components of leadership. References Adamek, M. (2007). Elements of Leadership Development: What Contributes to Effective Leadership?. Music Therapy Perspectives, 25(2), pp.121-124. Davids, B. (2012). The rarest commodity is leadership without ego. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com [Accessed 1 Jun. 2016]. Johannsen, M. (2014). Legacee: TYPES OF LEADERSHIP STYLES. [online] Legacee. Available at: https://www.legacee.com [Accessed 1 Jun. 2016]. Johnson, R. (2016). Small Business. [online] Smallbusiness.chron.com. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/ [Accessed 1 Jun. 2016]. Townsend, R. (1970). Up the organization. New York: Knopf.

Sweat Suits free essay sample

From pre-school until 7th grade, I was the man in black. I was horrified by the idea of jeans; I couldnt even do a sit up in gym class without keeping the studs on my back pockets from digging into my rear! It was all about functionality for me. I could pull on a black sweat shirt and sweat pants every morning and not worry about dirt or crumbs showing up, and I didnt even have to change for gym class. They were convenient and most of all, they were me. I was comfortable and happy in my cotton-based slice of heaven. I was defined by black; there was nothing my parents could say or do that would make me change. I knew it couldnt last forever, but I also knew that change had to come from me. I never really realized it, but just the idea of wearing my black counterpart day after day was holding me back. We will write a custom essay sample on Sweat Suits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As long as my wardrobe was always the same, no other aspect of my personality had to change either. I continued my life in oblivious ignorance, playing video games and not doing much else. I never stepped out of my shell or made any attempt to become a contributing member of my community. I knew it couldnt always be so easy, though. As I grew up and went to middle school, my loyalty to everything cotton wasnt always so acceptable. I started getting looks from my classmates (most importantly the girls) and teachers, often wondering why I refused to dress myself like a self-respecting individual. I knew it was time to change and become the person I wanted to be. I didnt do it because my parents told me to, because my friends made fun of me, or because I wanted the respect of othersaˆâ€ I did it for myself. In fact, it really wasnt just about looking better or dressing more fashionably. I wanted to completely overhaul my life; make more friends, be more involved in the community, and start living up to the academic potential I knew I was capable of. This was about becoming a better person, not just looking like a better person. I couldnt respect myself knowing what I could be. Moving on, I joined the ranks of high school freshmen, taking a huge step (at least for me) in becoming a more mature individual. Now, I could wear mostly all the colors of the rainbow (except yellow, but really, who likes yellow). I joined the IB diploma program and signed up for soccer, lacrosse, rowing, skiing and the math team among other things. Along with my more colorful wardrobe, I dove into the realm of foreignness that is high school; embracing everything that was new. One day in the fall of my junior year, my childhood jumped back at me. While scrounging through my closet looking for clothes to donate, my mom came across a stuffed, industrial size garbage bag. Taylor, what are these? she asked. Suddenly, it dawned on me. My sweat suits! I exclaimed. Although old and unwashed, my sweat pants were exactly as I had left them. As I tenderly examined them, I realized how far I had come. While I have been subject to more difficult academic challenges, strenuous athletic activities and trying social relationships, I am still the same 8 year old smitten by the comfort and functionality of the black sweat suit. The foundation of my character has remained constant since my sweat suit childhood, but I have become a much more diverse and complete individual with something to contribute to society. Although my days of sweat pant bliss were cut short, I am ever appreciative for the growth that they forced me to accept. For this color-wearing 18 year old, black isnt enough anymore; Im ready to put on some Big Red.

Suzy Bishops Books in Wes Andersons Moonrise Kingdom

Suzy Bishop's Books in Wes Anderson's Moonrise Kingdom Wes Andersons  Moonrise Kingdom  is a story about young love that was written by Anderson and Roman Coppola. Filmed in Rhode Island in 2011, the film was released in 2012 to critical acclaim and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, as well as for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy.    In the movie, Sam, a Khaki Scout at camp on the island of New Penzance, runs away with a local girl, 12-year-old Suzy Bishop, who shows up at their appointed meeting place with her kitten, her brothers portable record player and a suitcase filled with books. While the books are a creative film prop, they are essential to understanding Suzys character and its fantastic that she reads them to Sam throughout their adventure. Suzy Bishops Books The six fictitious  books that Suzy packed in her suitcase were stolen from her public library and included  Shelly and the Secret Universe, The Francine Odysseys, The Girl from Jupiter, Disappearance of the 6th Grade, The Light of Seven Matchsticks and The Return of Auntie Lorraine. You can learn more about them and listen to Suzy reading from them in this animated short. According to the producer of the film, the animated shorts were originally going to be part of the movie. Artists were hired to design the covers of the books as well, which are prominently displayed in the film. After giving it further thought, Anderson decided to shoot the characters faces as they read excerpts from the  books rather than show the animated shorts. The end result displays more of the character development and leaves some interpretation to the viewers imagination while allowing for snippets of a story within a story.   Although the books are quite charming - both in their creative conception and in the film - they are not real. Anderson wrote only the excerpts that are read aloud in the film. Pertaining to Suzys character development, the titles of the books loosely adhere to the overall plotline of the movie. From Suzy and Sams secret universe that theyve built for themselves, their odysseys, Suzys dark internal world, to returning back home, Suzys books offer an imaginative outlet for their summer adventure. Books in Wes Anderson Movies Books have played a key role in many of Wes Andersons movies. Take for example  The Royal Tenenbaums, which itself was entirely framed as a book. The viewer sees the book checked out of the library at the movies beginning and shots of the chapter pages throughout the movie. No fewer than four characters in The Royal Tenenbaums are professional writers.   Anderson takes great care to create and establish realistic details in his movies, whether it be books, maps or cities. This thorough attention to detail is a key element of the movie-goers experience, allowing viewers to feel as if theyve just stumbled upon an entirely new universe.

Eco2a Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eco2a - Assignment Example One major difference in the recording of transactions that exists between the two types of organizations in is the fact that profit based organizations maintain only one general ledge whereas non-profit organizations maintains several ledgers depending on the number of projects being funded (Articlesbase, n.d.). Another main difference in the recording of transactions between the two types of organizations is in respect of recording equity. In Non-profit organizations, transactions are recorded under net assets while in the profit oriented organizations, owner’s equity applies. With the fund management recording system characteristically applied by non-profit organizations, each donation is classified and utilized with respect to the limitations set by specific donors or group of donors. This is, however, not the case for profit oriented organizations where funds are used and classified without such limitations (Articlesbase, n.d.). In conclusion, the main difference in the recording of information in profit oriented and non-profit oriented organization relates to the maintenance of ledgers, recording of equity, and limitations regarding the use of funds. Articlesbase (n.d.) For-profit Vs. Non-profit: The Difference in the Accounting System. Retrieved from http://www.articlesbase.com/software-articles/forprofit-vs-nonprofit-the-difference-in-the-accounting-system-1548973.html Medical records management is vital for every healthcare organization. As the name suggests, the medical records department deals with the recording of patients’ medical records. A patient’s medical record includes details of bio-data, diagnosis, medical history, treatments, examinations and tests (Beck, 1989). The department helps in the efficient running of the hospital as well as in the proper care of patients. For example, medical coding and documentation helps provide quality services through the sharing information of patients’ records appropriately. The

Operations management-report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Operations management-report - Essay Example Additionally, key focus is on managing people in an effective manner where skill sets are analysed and accordingly responsibilities are offered in a systematic and planned manner. It was also found that Just in Time concept has helped the organisation in eliminating chances of huge wastage along with responding to the changes in the business and social environment. Overall, it was concluded that Total Quality Management (TQM is also practiced by the organisation helping in maintaining high quality standards. All these initiatives have helped the company to strengthen its operational framework along with being successful. Slack, et al (2010) stated that operations management is concerned with designing, controlling, and overseeing production processes along with redesigning business processes for better production of goods and services. Hill and Hill (2011) added that operations management ensures that business operations are efficient enough to use little but impactful and robust resources exceeding customers’ expectations in a meaningful manner. Simon (2010) added that operations management is concerned with the conversion of inputs in the form of raw material and energy into the output offering value and benefits to a number of customers. Slack, et al (2010) further added that operations management has a close relationship with business operations and the success of the later can only define the success of the former. In this regard, it is important to analyse the business operations and processes in a critical manner. Heizer and Render (2010) added that the senior management needs to develop business strategies and line officers need to take tactical decisions in order to make business operations successful. Simon (2010) stated that the success of operations management is dependent on formulating robust business objectives along with aligning

Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Childrens Literature English Language Essay

Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Childrens Literature English Language Essay The Oxford Dictionary offers us two definitions of a sentence. Firstly it is defined as a set of words complete in itself as the expression of a thought, containing or implying a subject and predicate, and conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command secondly as a piece of writing or speech between two full stops or equivalent pauses often including several grammatical sentences. (Illustrated Oxford Dictionary, 2003) As DuÃ…Â ¡kovà ¡ says, the definition of a sentence can be made on the base of several points of view. We can be considering the content, function, grammar or phonetics. However a sentence comes into existence when the relationship of its items is fully expressed and that falls into the grammatical point of view. (DuÃ…Â ¡kovà ¡, 1988, str. 309) The Simple sentence Types of sentences according to their syntactic structure A simple sentence is a sentence which consists of only one independent clause. Quirk names seven types of simple sentence according to the presence of clause elements. The simplest structure is a structure consisting of a subject (S) and a verb (V or P as predicator), e.g. The Sun is shining. Another type is (S) subject + (V) verb + (O) object, e.g. That lecture bored me. In the third type of a simple sentence, the verb is followed by subject complement (SVCp), e.g. Your dinner seems ready. The fourth structure has its verb followed by an adverbial (SVA), e.g. My office is in the next building. The following structure consists of subject, verb and two objects from which one is direct (Oi) and the second indirect (Od), e.g. I (S) must send (V) my parents (Oi) an anniversary card (Od). In the sixth type of structure the subject and the verb is followed by an object and an object complement (Co), e.g. Most students have found her reasonably useful. The last type of a simple sentence is a structure where the subject and the verb are followed by an object and an adverbial (SVOA), e.g. You can put the dish on the table. (Quirk, 1985, p. 204) Other variations of clause patterns Passive structures Passive structure, together with the active structure, falls into the category of voice. In passive sentences the structure of the clause is reorganized and the information focus changes. The direct object in active structures can become the subject in passive structures, e.g. They regarded roots as peasant food.à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Roots were regarded as peasant food. The subject of the original active structure either disappears of it changes into an adjunct in the passive structure, using by, e.g. Roots were regarded as peasant food by the court. We recognize two kinds of passive, short, which is more common, and long. We talk about short passives when the agent of the action is not given. When the agent is expressed in the passive structure, introduced by by, we deal with the long passive. As mentioned above, the information focus in passive structures is different compared to the active structures. In passive structures the agent is no more in the centre of attention and the main focus is transferred to the action itself. In some cases, the passive structure is a result of speakers direct intention to avoid mentioning the agent. Existential clauses Existential clause is a kind of clause where the position of the subject is taken by the anticipatory subject, so called existential there. Existential clause are structures containing verbs that denote existence, appearance or motion, especially the verb to be. (Biber, 1999, str. 153) The function of existential clauses is simply to express existence of something. Verb Verb Classes There are three classes of verbs: intransitive, transitive (further divided to monotransitive, ditransitive and complex-transitive) and copular verbs. Each class occurs in a certain type of sentence structure. Intransitive verbs There is no other element required with intransitive verbs; these verbs are a part of the S+V structure, e.g. fly, blink, sleepà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Transitive verbs Transitive verbs are all verbs that require an object. Monotransitive verbs: one other element (O) is required (SVO structure), e.g. lose, break, find. Ditransitive verbs: two more elements are required (SVOiOd structure), e.g. give, hand, offer. Complex-transitive verbs: an object complement or an adjunct is necessary in the SVO structure, e.g. keep- They keep the house preserved., call- She called her kitten Smudgie., appoint- They appointed him President. Copular verbs Need a subject complement (SVCs) or an adjunct (SVA), e.g. be, feel, smell. Clause Elements Subject The presence of a subject is necessary in all finite clauses with the exception of the imperative clauses. Though not present, the subject is implied in the imperative clauses. There is one more case when the subject is not stated in the clause and it is the case when the ellipsis is used. Ellipsis, one of the figures of speech, is an omission of a word, a subject in our case, because the speaker expects the listener to be able to deduce the missing word from the context of from the previous knowledge, e.g. Thank you.. The most frequent realization of the subject is by nouns or pronouns, but the subject can be also realized by other word classes and then we are talking about syntactic nouns, e.g. The weak (Adj) must be helped.. The subject determines the number and the person of the verb e.g. John speaks Russian very well., the number, person and gender of the reflexive pronouns, e.g. She could not recognize herself in the mirror. The relationship between the subject and the verb is a relationship of mutual influence. In passive clauses the subject becomes the subject complement using by, e.g. John (S) drove us. and We were driven by John (Cs)., or the agent is omitted. In tag questions, the subject is repeated by a pronoun of the same, person, number and gender, e.g. John is a good teacher, isnt he?. Predicator Predicator is a clause element realized solely by verb. Some grammars do not use the term predicator and call this clause element simply a verb. Predicator may consist of a full verb alone or a full verb accompanied by one or more auxiliary verbs, e.g. Prince Brat knew that he had nothing to fear. He had never been spanked in his life. Predicator is a central element of a clause as it denotes the action do or the state be. Objects There are two types of object, indirect and direct. An object is a sentence element that may be either obligatory or facultative according to the verb. Direct Object Like the indirect object, the direct object is usually a nominal group. When there is no indirect object in the clause, the direct object follows the transitive verb, e.g. He kicked the ball. In complex structures, there may be the anticipatory it in the position of the direct object while the direct object is realized by an infinitive or a subordinate clause, e.g. He found it difficult to tell the truth. He found it sad that she didnt trust him. Indirect Object Is typically realized by a nominal group, e.g. Charles gave Alice a glass of champagne. or by a pronoun. Though very rare, indirect object may be also realized by wh-clause, e.g. Give whoever comes a glass of champagne. It follows only ditransitive verbs. (Biber) Complements A complements is a clausal element that is in relation with either subject (subject complement) or object (object complement). In contrast with the object, the complement cannot be converted into a passive form. Both, subject and object complements are most typically realized by an adjectival group, or by a nominal group. Subject Complement In some grammars (Biber, 1999, str. 126), we can find the subject complement (Cs) under the term subject predicative. The subject complement can be found in SVCs structures, following copular verbs, e.g. This place is beautiful. Object Complement Also called an object predicative (Po) (Biber, 1999, str. 130), the object complement (Co) is a clause element that we can find in structures containing complex transitive verbs (SVOCo). I find this place suitable. As we can see in the example, the object complement relates to the direct object and also usually follows the direct object. (Biber, 1999, str. 130) Adverbials Adverbials are very diverse clause elements. They may be added to any structure and can be found in various positions within the sentence. Adverbials have many semantic roles and may be either optional or obligatory. There are three classes of adverbials named in the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English: circumstance, stance and linking adverbials (Biber, 1999, str. 131), these three categories correspond to Quirks adjunct, disjunct and conjunct. (Quirk, 1985) The most common realizations of adverbials are adverbial groups and prepositional phrases. Adjunct We can say that adjuncts add some circumstance information to the structure. They may be elicited by questioning Where, When, How or Why. Most verbs, even the intransitive ones, are often supplemented by an adjunct, giving the circumstance information, e.g. He died of eating some poisonous mushrooms. If there is no adjunct in a structure with an intransitive verb, the understandability of the utterance is dependent on the context (Quirk, 1985, p. 506), e.g. He ate some poisonous mushrooms and he died. Disjunct Disjuncts are not a real part of the structure. As Quirk says, disjuncts have a superior role in the sentence. (Quirk, 1985, p. 613) Most utterances we produce are not objective, they usually express our attitude or opinion about the content of the utterance. A disjunct is the speakers comment on the content of the utterance, e.g. To be frank, it didnt live up to my expectations. Conjunct As well as disjuncts, conjuncts have relatively superordinate position in the sentence. (Quirk, 1985, p. 631) The function of conjunct is to join relatively independent units by means of expressions like: as well, however, instead, firstly and it also includes reaction signals like hmm, aha, well. The relationship between the two units is set from the point of view of the speaker, e.g. His results are not very good, on the other hand he tried hard. Semantic roles of clause elements There are several semantic roles within every clause element, different grammars offer different classifications, so in this text, I am going to name just those that are relevant for the analysis of childrens literature. Participants Every element of a sentence realized by a noun phrase is a participant, e.g. Prince Brat (S) shot Jemmy (Oi) a poisonous look (Od). (Fleishman, 1987, p. 28) Agent, affected, recipient The role of agent is a typical role of a subject in a sentence containing a direct object. (Quirk, 1985, p. 741) The subject-agent is the initiator of the action, e.g. The prince moved his arms and shoulders. (Fleishman, 1987, p. 61) The affected participant role is a role typical for the direct object. The affected participant does not initiate the action, but there is a certain involvement in the action, (Quirk, 1985, p. 741), e.g. Prince Brat tied their powdered wigs to the backs of their oak chairs. (Fleishman, 1987, p. 1) Another participant role is the role of recipient. This role is usual for the indirect objects, but it can also be the role of a subject in passive structures of ditransitive verbs (DuÃ…Â ¡kovà ¡, 1988, str. 398), e.g. He was given a second chance. This participant has a passive, recipient, role in the action.Cutwater, serve them up our finest bread and herring. (Fleishman, 1987, p. 16) Attribute The attribute role is a role usual for both complements, subject and object complement. The complements give us the characterization of the subject or the object, e.g. Billy was a big man, he saw, big and raw as a skinned ox. (Fleishman, 1987, p. 12) It had a very large wet nostrils. Its a pig! said dad. (Hughes, 1992) External causer and instrument roles An external causer is usually some natural force, that unwittingly causes some action to happen (Quirk, 1985, p. 743),e.g. The flood damaged a great part of the village. We talk about the role of an instrument, when the subject or the object are used as tools of some action, e.g. This sharp knife will help you. The role of process The role of process is a role expressed by the verb. There are several subcategories of the role of process. The process of activity, of doing, e.g. Then Grandma and Mum came by to do some shopping. (Hughes, 1992) The process of communication, verbal process, e.g. Alfie asked them whether they were coming to buy something at the shop. Then the mental process of perception, e.g. Inside the tent he could hear Dad breathing. Another kind of mental process is the process of affectivity, e.g. Alfie liked Bonting a lot. There is also the process of cognition, e.g. He remembered that he had put him out to dry after his swim. The role of circumstance Again, there are several subcategories of the role of circumstance, but in this paper, we are going to deal just with three of them which are considered to be the most common, i.e. locative, temporal and the role of manner. Locative Locative circumstance role is a role expressing the position, distance and direction (Biber, 1999, str. 776), e.g. a Common boy was kept in the castle to be punished in his place. (Fleishman, 1987, p. 2) Temporal The role of temporal circumstance can express position in time, duration or frequency (Biber, 1999, str. 777), e.g. It was very late when they arrived home. Manner The last role of circumstance I am going to mention is the role of manner. The circumstance of manner tells us in what way some action was done or in what way something happened, e.g. Of course I can! answered the prince in a stinging voice. (Fleishman, 1987, p. 50) The role of circumstance is most common for adverbials, but it can also be the role of a subject, e.g. The night was dark. Multiple sentence Multiple sentence is a clause consisting of more than one clause. Quirk also makes distinction between two kinds of multiple sentences, the compound and the complex sentence. Compound sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more equal main clauses. Complex sentence is a structure consisting of one main clause that is superordinate, and at least one subordinate clause. (Quirk, 1985, p. 988) Syntactic relationships There are two types of syntactic relationship, the paratactic relationship; the relationship of grammatical equivalence and the hypotactic relationship; the relationship of grammatical nonequivalence. (Quirk, 1985, p. 918) Realisation of syntactic relationships The paratactic relationship may be expressed either by coordinating conjunctions, then we are talking about coordination or it may be expressed without the use of conjunctions and than we are talking about juxtaposition. The hypotactic relationship may be of subordination, using subordinating conjunctions or ,as in the previous case, juxtaposition i.e. without the use of conjunctions. Types of clauses in a hypotactic relationsip Dependent Clauses- Subordinate Clauses Finite clause Finite clause is a clause that contains a finite verb, e.g. Leaves crackled under Jemmys feet as he began to back off. We distinguish four types of finite clauses according to the purpose they serve in the discourse, i.e. what is the speakers intention to make the discourse and what is the expected response of his or her audience. Types of finite clauses Nominal Clauses Clauses that represent subject or direct object in the main clause are nominal clauses. This type of clause is introduced either by the subordinator that, or by wh-word, e.g. What youve just said is a total nonsense. Adverbial Clauses Adverbial clauses express the circumstances of the main clause and function as adverbials, they also share the same semantic classification with adverbials, e.g. If they were here, they would like it. Relative Clauses Relative clauses, also called adjectival clauses, function as postmodifiers of the noun phrase, which is called the antecedent. This type of clause is introduce by relative pronouns. Relative clauses may be defining of non-defining (restrictive or non restrictive). Restrictive relative clauses add some information that cannot be omitted without changing the meaning of the clause. Restrictive relative clauses identify the antecedent, e.g. The colours which has been chosen are not appropriate. Nonrestrictive relative clauses supply the clause with some additional information which is not necessary for understanding the main message of the clause, e.g. Jemmy, who was obliged to be close at hand for the daily lessons, reckoned that freedom was now close at hand. Comparative clauses The function of comparative clauses is to compare properties of some feature. According to Quirk (1985), there are three types of comparison, the comparison of equivalence (or of nonequivalence), e.g. Alfies elephant was old, nearly as old as Alfie., of sufficiency, e.g. It was big enough for two people to lie down in., or of excess, e.g. Annie Rose was too little to go camping. Reporting Clauses Reporting clause is a part of a direct speech. It introduces the speaker but it may also introduce the addressee, e.g. Bonting will have to have a new bathing suit, he told mum. , the type of act, e.g. But we cant leave Bonting behind! wailed Alfie. or the mode of the act, e.g. I didnt know Jim Gatting had put his pig in this field, grumbled Dad sleepily. The reporting clause may take the initial, medial and final position in the direct speech. The verb of the reporting clause is most commonly in the past tense form. Comment Clauses Comment clauses express speakers attitude to the content of the sentence, e.g. Tipped us over, as you see. While Biber (1999) compares comment clauses to reporting clauses with the verb in present tense, Quirk (1985) considers comment clauses a kind of disjunct. Types of finite clauses according to their function in utterance Declarative clauses In most cases, this type of clause expresses a statement and its purpose is to give information, e.g. Mum and Grandma were sitting in the garden having a cup of tea. In affirmative declarative clauses, as in the example above, the subject precedes the predicator. In negative declarative clauses, the subject is followed by auxiliary or modal verb, the negative particle and then comes the full verb, e.g. He didnt yelp or bellow. Interrogative clauses By means of interrogative clauses, the speaker wants to elicit some information. There are three main types of interrogative clauses: yes/no questions, wh- questions and alternative questions. Yes/no questions Yes/no questions, first main type interrogative clauses, which may also be called polar questions, is an interrogative to which the expected reaction of the addressee is either affirmation of negation, e.g. The ladies shrieked. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Did the ladies shriek? Compared to declarative clauses, the word order of interrogative clauses is different. In case of the verb to be, the question can be created by means of inversion, e.g. Its called Burrows and company. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Is it called Burrows and company? When the clause contains an auxiliary verb, the auxiliary goes in front of the subject with the full verb following, e.g. The king offered a reward for the whipping boy. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Has the king offered a reward for the whipping boy? When the sentence contains more than one auxiliary verb, the first auxiliary precedes the subject and the other auxiliaries follow the subject together with the full verb, e.g. Our prince has been abducticated. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Has our prince been abducated? The same rule is applied when a modal verb is a part of the verb phrase, e.g. A horse can always find his way home.à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Can a horse always find his way home. When there is no auxiliary verb in the declarative clause, the int errogative is created by means of do, e.g. We dress you up fancy and feed you royal .à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Do we dress you up fancy and feed you royal? Interrogative yes/no clauses may also be negative, e.g. Wasnt it your mother? The speaker usually uses negative questions in order to reassure himself or herself rather than to get some new information. In the structure of negative interrogative yes/no questions the negative particle follows the auxiliary or modal verb and precedes the subject. Question tags Question tags are not fully independent clauses, they are a part of a structure containing another, usually a declarative clause. Question tag is a tool supporting the interaction, using it, the speaker encourages the addressee to respond to the information given in the declarative clause. This type of interrogative consists of an operator and a personal pronoun. The operator of the tag question normally corresponds to the operator of the preceding clause, e.g. You can fend for your own self, cant you! When there is no operator in the declarative clause, the dummy auxiliary do is used to create the tag question, e.g. They own this house, dont they? Question tags may be also added, and they often are, to a clause which is not complete, e.g. The highwayman, are you! Wh-questions Another type of interrogative clauses are wh-questions. When the wh-word is a part of the subject, the word order is the same as in declarative clauses, e.g. Who cooks the dinner? When the wh-word is a part of another clause element, the common word order of interrogative clauses is used, e.g. Why did you do that! One type of interrogative questions are indirect interrogatives. The indirect questions (also reported questions) consist of projecting and projected clause, these are connected by means of whether or if, e.g. The children asked whether the story was true. As well as yes/no questions, the wh- questions may be negative, e.g. Where shouldnt we go? Alternative questions The last main type of interrogative clauses are alternative questions. These clauses are similar to polar interrogative clauses in the structure, but instead of expecting yes or no answers, it offers alternatives, presuming that one of the alternatives is the one to be chosen by the addressee, e.g. Would you like coffee or tea? Alternative interrogatives can also take the form of a combination of wh- question and elliptic alternative question, e.g. What would you like, coffee or tea? Minor types of interrogative clauses There are two more types of interrogatives that are, as to their occurrence, considered minor. These are called exclamatory questions and rhetorical questions. Exclamatory and rhetorical questions both have the typical interrogative structure. Exclamatory questions are usually negative yes/no questions, where the speakers intention is to receive the reaction of an assertion, e.g. Aint I already been whipped twice today! Rhetorical questions do not ask for any answers, they may be negative or positive yes/no questions expecting positive or negative assertion, e.g. Didnt I tell you who I was! Imperative Clauses The function of imperative clauses, some grammars e.g. (Quirk, 1985) use the term directives, is to give directives, i.e. instructions, orders, commands etc. Most typically, there is no subject in imperative clauses directed to 2nd person singular and plural, in fact there is no need of subject in this type of clause, as the addressee of the imperative is usually obvious from the context of the situation, e.g. Fetch the whipping boy! However, in order to make the directive stronger, the personal pronoun you may be used, e.g. You fetch the whipping boy! The subject can be also present in the tag question, e.g. Fetch the whipping boy, will you? When 1st and 3rd person singular and plural are the intended addresses, the imperative may be created by means of let, in this type of structure, the verb let is followed by the subject in objective case (Quirk, 1985, p. 829) e.g. Let me have a word with him! Except for let me, this type of clause is rather archaic. In colloquial English, the contracted form of let us, lets is commonly used, e.g. Lets parley! Imperative clauses may also take the negative form, e.g. And dont try to run away. or Lets not talk about it. Exclamative Clauses The function of this type of clause is to express some emotional impression like surprise, shock or others. According to Quirk (1985), exclamative clauses are only these starting with the wh- element how or what, e.g. What horrible new mischief was this! Bibers definition of the exclamative clauses is, compared to Quirks, more loose as Bibers exclamative clauses include other structures like declaratives, interrogatives or exclamative questions, e.g. Whats keeping you! Non-finite clauses Non-finite clause are clauses containing a non-finite verb, that is to-infinitive, bare infinitive, -ing participle or -ed participle. For example: He was determined never to spring a tear for the prince to gloat over. According to Biber (1999), a verbless clause can also be considered a non-finite clause. Each of the four main types of non-finite clause can take the form of a structure with or without the subject. Non-finite clauses lack modal auxiliaries and they are not marked as to the tense. Non-finite clauses may represent many syntactic roles, e.g. One afternoon, Mum gave Alfie a long cardboard box to play with., in this example the non-finite, to-infinitive, clause functions as an adverbial. The interpretation of the meaning on a non-finite clause is dependent on the main clause. Logico-semantic relationship- Expansion and Projection The advantage of multiple clauses, in contrast with simple clauses, is the ability to express more complex situations. In other words, a multiple clause is more precise in description of the reality as it is a reflection of our cognitive organisation of the situation. The logico-semantic relationships are described in detail in Hallidays An Introduction to Functional Grammar (1994). The following overview of the logico-semantic relationships is based on this publication. 4.1. Expansion Halliday (1994) describes expansion as a relationship when the clauses contain different kind of additional information. There are three subcategories of expansion: elaboration, extension and enhancement. Each of these subcategories may be of paratactic or hypotactic relationship. 4.1.1. Paratactic elaboration Exposition Using conjunctive elements such as in other words or that is in a sentence, we make a new statement about the content of the first clause from a different perspective. This kind of elaboration is called exposition. Exemplification Exemplification is another kind of paratactic elaboration, evolving the content of the preceding clause by giving an example, using conjunctive elements such as for instance or for example. Clarification Expressions like in fact or indeed are conjunctive elements that clarify the content of the first clause, therefore this kind of paratactic elaboration is called clarification. 4.1.2. Hypotactic elaboration Hypotactic elaboration is the relationship in non-defining (also non-restrictive clauses). 4.1.3. Paratactic extension- coordination Addition And, also, nor, in addition or furthermore are conjunctive elements putting together two situations in positive, negative or adversative relationship. As we are extending the content of the first clause by adding some information this, kind of paratactic extension is called Addition. Variation When the first clauses content is replaced by the content of the second clause by means of but or instead we talk about variation. Alternation When the first clause is given an alternative to its content by the second clause, using conjunctive elements such as eitherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or and on the other hand, it is the paratactic relationship of alternation. Explanation Explanation, also called specification, is a kind of extension, using conjunctive elements like that is or which means, where the content of the first clause is explained by the second clause. 4.1.4. Hypotactic extension Contrastive dependency When the dependent clause contrasts with the main clause in the case of contrastive dependency, common conjunctive elements for this kind of relationship are while or whereas. Subtractive dependency Subtractive dependency is a relationship of a main and a dependent clause, where the dependent clause subtracts from the main clause by means of expressions such as except that or but for the fact. Using elements like whereas, except that etc. may lead to the impression that the clauses are in a paratactic relationship. We can recognize the kind of relationship by exchanging the position of the clauses, if this exchange functions well, i.e. the rheme sentence is able to become the theme sentence, we can say that the relationship is hypotactic. The additive, adversative, contrastive, or subtractive relationships may be also expressed by non-finite -ing clause, using besides, instead of, without etc. 4.1.5. Paratactic enhancement Paratactic enhancement is a relationship realized by coordination or juxtaposition, being supported by conjunctions e.g. then, still, otherwise; conjunctive combinations e.g. and then, and so, and yet; or by cohesive combinations with and e.g. and in that way, and in this case; that give the information about the circumstances. 4.1.6. Hypotactic enhancement This kind of relationship is realized by adverbial clauses. 4.2. Projection The logico-semantic relationship of projection is the one expressed by direct and indirect speech. Selected titles For the sentence structure analysis, I selected two books of contemporary authors of childrens literature- Sid Fleischmans The Whipping Boy and Shirley Hughes The Big Alfie Out of Doors. Though the titles are relatively recent, both of them are appreciated and well known in the countries of their origin, in case of Sid Fleishmans Whipping Boy even abroad. Sid Fleischman and Shirley Hughes belong to the winners of prestigious awards that are given to the most significant contributors to childrens literature in the United States (Fleischman) and in the United Kingdom (Hughes). The titles chosen for the analysis deliberately differ in the target age group they are intended for. The minimal age distance between the readers of these two books is three years. The purpose is to demonstrate how the complexity of the sentence structures in a childrens book changes with the age of its intended readers. The Whipping Boy The Whipping Boy is a childrens book by American, Brooklyn-born author Sid Fleishman. Sid Fleishman is a very popular and respected author in the field of childrens literature not only in the USA, his works have been translated into fourteen languages. (Fleishman, 1987) The Whipping Boy is a book that mad

Birth: The Beginning of Life Essay -- Birthing Birth Essays

Birth: The Beginning of Life Birth: a definition For all mammals (with platypuses being the exception), parturition is the beginning of life as we know it. More specifically, birth is the means by which non-human primates and human primates alike begin their experience of the world. I am interested in the significance of childbirth the method by which it is carried out, its implications for the birthing mother, and the way that the birthing process is viewed by different societies. Both birth and the postpartum period involve a certain degree of danger for the birthing mother, her nascent child, and her entire family or community. Because childbirth is so dangerous (the average lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy related causes is about one in fifteen in some poor countries, MacCormack 1), most cultures have distinct patterns that determine how the birthing process will be carried out. The birthing process involves different birthing positions; different rules concerning who is allowed to be present during the time of birth; mechanisms for deciding where birth takes place; and different ways by which mother and child deal with labor, birth and postpartum. "As a life crisis event, birth is everywhere a candidate for consensual shaping and social regulation the particular pattern depending on local history, ecology, social structure, technological development, and the like" (Jordan 4). By exploring the original human condition of childbirth one is able to gain insight into the universal biosocial phenomenon known as the birthing process. In addition, I am interested in studying childbirth because, as women's work, it is usually not given enough attention in the traditionally male-dominated field of anthropology. "Unt... ... Peoples. London: J. Cape, 1971. Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. The Langurs of Abu: Female and Male Strategies of Reproduction. Cambridge, MA:, Harvard Univ. Press, 1997. Jordan, Brigitte. Birth in Four Cultures: A Cross-cultural Investigation of Childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden, and the United States. 4th ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1993. Lawlor, Robert. Voices of the First Day: Awakening in the Aboriginal Dreamtime. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Trad. Ltd., 1991. MacCormack, Carol P., ed. Ethnography of Fertility and Birth. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1994. National Geographic Society. "Among the Wild Chimpanzees." National Geographic Video, 1984. Pinker, Steven. "Why they kill their newborns" New York Times Magazine 11 Feb. 1997: 52-55. Smuts et. al. eds. Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.

Proctor tears up his confession particularly dramatic? Essay

The author quotes, â€Å"He has lifted her, and kisses her with great passion†. This shows the affection that we previously have not seen in scenes, so this sequence is dramatic. Also, the way that the audience would be able to physically see their love for each other adds intensity to the moment. Proctor experiences a moral dilemma through constant questioning. He is interrogated, â€Å"What is John Proctor? † This gives the impression that he is not seen as a person, but more as a symbol of what he represents. This is significant because to some, his religious virtues are questioned because of witchcraft. Secondly, Elizabeth forgiving him exaggerates the fact he deceived his wife. Also, the way he is accused of being a liar is compromised by the confession. This is dramatic because all these different themes rolled into one, make the audience engrossed in the play to discover what will actually happen to him. In the last act, we see that Hale feels it his fault that people are dying, so he tries to make Elizabeth persuade John to confess by saying, â€Å"I beg you, woman, prevail upon your husband to confess. † Nevertheless, Proctor says, â€Å"Spite only keeps me silent, it’s had to give a lie to dogs. † At this point, we see Proctor taking the moral high ground, but also confessing by the way he says â€Å"a lie†. He is basically telling the people that it is hard to lie to people, who already lie themselves. Hale is trying to make Proctor lie with them. However, Proctor refuses to be forced into the lies. This is dramatic because it shows Proctor to be a person of great courage as he is being pressurised into this culture of lies, when he wants truth. Towards the end of the play, Proctor sees that he has confessed to himself and God, and believes this is enough. He then says, â€Å"God does not need my name nailed upon the church†. This would give the impression that he is comparing himself to Jesus as he was nailed to the cross. Proctor is sacrificing his own life, by convicting himself for other people. This is dramatic since it gives a theme of spiritual drama to the play. The whole climax of the story is when Proctor does actually tear up the confession in front of Danforth. â€Å"Proctor tears the paper and crumples it, and he is weeping in fury†. This symbolises as he rips up this confession, it is as though he is also tearing his life away for the truth. â€Å"Proctor: And there’s your first marvel, that I can†. This suggests that although he may be condemned to death, he can see that it is the right thing to do. It is dramatic because he once had a strong presence and now that he is faced with death, mortality makes him question himself. In contrast, he regains his virtue. In conclusion, the theme of the play was rising over adversity, and standing for the truth even till death. John had the chance to free himself, by signing the confession and living a lie. At the trial he stood up for what he believed in, and died a righteous man. He learnt what truth meant through his suffering. This could be compared with how Jesus suffered, which reflects the depth of his religious beliefs to the audience. Through Proctor’s struggle, Miller displays the struggles within people of today. It reminds us that man is not perfect, and that we can make mistakes. It shows we can be forgiven by doing what is right. Overall, we experience an effective piece of drama. Charlotte Hamil Year 10 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Legal And Ethical Aspects Of Aging - 1049 Words

Module 2 Exam Case Study Sharon L. Hicks Central Georgia Technical College Legal and Ethical Aspects of Aging GERT 1070 Dr. Edna Primas April 19, 2016 Case Study: The Court Was Appalled In Tomcik v. Ohio Dep t of Rehabilitation Correction, the plaintiff, Tomcik, was in the custody of the defendant, a penal institution. Tomcik alleged that it was the delay in her examination that ultimately led to the removal of her right breast; had she been seen in a more timely manner, much of the breast could have been spared. The defendant, the corrections department, contended that even if it were negligent, Tomcik s cancer was so advanced when discovered that it would nevertheless have required removal of her breast. The Ohio Court of Appeals held that the delay in providing treatment to Tomcik fell below the medically acceptable standard of care. Summarize the Case: The Court Was Appalled. Janet Tomcik, age 31, was assign to participate in the Department of Rehabilitation and Correction center in the state of Ohio on April 28, 1989 for having burglar tools in her custody. The policy of the institutes states every new inmate must have a physical examination to record current medical status. Ms. Tomcik had her medical assessment done on May 26, 1989 by Dr. Evans. The next day she inspected her own breasts and found a pea size lump in the right one. She notified medical personal but she did not receive a re-examination until June 21 by a nurse who stated the mass was large.Show MoreRelatedIncreasing the Average Life Expectancy Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesexpectancy could be increased to 112 years old? Many aspects of life could be improved because people could become very skilled at what they do. Through many scientists’ hard work and research they have reason to believe that it could actually be possible for the average life expectancy to reach 112 years of age (Than 1). However, with these scientists’ getting closer to figuring out the secrets of aging come many social, legal, and ethical issues. In this paper I will talk about two forms ofRead MoreRobotic Surgery : Technology And Equipment1335 Words   |  6 Pagessurgeon compared to a human eye. Its features such as the movable device and the voice command allow the surgeon to direct the robot and control its movements based on his/her preferences. Despite the helpful innovation of robots, there are ethical and legal issues that physicians and patients face in the medical field that are directly related to the use of robots. Minimal harm to the patients should be the main goal of the invention of robots used in healthcare. In order to maintain best qualityRead MoreThe American Psychological Association ( Apa )912 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal attitudes about aging, which could help to avoid prejudices and misconceptions regarding the process of aging. Holding false stereotypes, such as: older adults lack of sexual interest, or they tend to be mentally ill, can lead psychologists to provide a biased, and therefore, insufficient service. On the other hand, guidelines third to sixth call about the need of knowing more about adulthood development. Psychologists should acquire up-to-date information about aging. This way, they can distinguishRead MoreHelp Aging Adults Cope with the Process Concept of Death 1722 Words   |  7 Pagesother group members, as well as come to terms with relationships they once valued. Purpose and Rationale The purpose of this group is to help aging adults cope with the process concept of death and coping with the end of life to which an existential approach will be applied. The everyday aging adult faces many challenges that have to do with the process of aging, such as loss of certain privileges (e.g. driving), loss of vision and hearing, loss of friends and family, loss of freedom, just to name aRead MoreLegal, Ethical, And Policy Issues1392 Words   |  6 Pages Legal, Ethical, and Policy Issues, Oh My! Julia Colasurdo SUNY College of Technology at Alfred State Abstract Legal, ethical, and policy issues are an important aspect of nursing and medical informatics. Nurses should be aware of the dilemmas facing the use of informatics in the health care facilities. It is important to note the legal issues facing nursing because of the charges of negligence that can be incurred on the nurse if not aware. Ethical dilemmas of privacy including securityRead MoreDoes The U.s. Have An Obligation Help Poor Countries?1607 Words   |  7 Pages Does the U.S. have an ethical obligation to help poor countries? Carlos Andrade Ethics 326 – 4:30PM April 24, 2016 Mr. Estrada X___________________________________ The United States does not have an obligation to help poor countries. Many believe that the U.S. has a moral or ethical obligation to assist countries who need it. The United States is viewed as the police of the world, defender of democracy, and body of countries who it chooses to align with. WhenRead MoreElder Abuse and Nursing Ethics1802 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Elder abuse and nursing ethics Introduction Given the aging of the population, elder abuse has become more a prevalent and a more serious issue in recent years. Every year, an estimated 4 million older Americans are victims of physical, psychological or other forms of abuse and neglect. Those statistics may not tell the whole story. For every case of elder abuse and neglect reported to authorities, experts estimate as many as 23 cases go undetected (Elder abuse and neglect, 2013, APA report:Read MoreActive Euthanasia Pros and Cons Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethical Dilemma: Can we really justify taking a life even if it is relieving suffering? The laws in most countries are clear on this issue. To kill a patient even with the intent to relieve suffering is homicide. Currently the Netherlands and Belgium are the only countries that currently have legalized active euthanasia. (Lifesitenews.com Oct, 26, 2005). Switzerland has legalized assisted suicide, even if performed by a non-physician (lifesitenews.com Oct, 26, 2005). PAS is also legal inRead MoreThe Global Pharmaceutical Industry: Swallowing a Bitter Pill Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagesthe historical supremacy of the US was challenged with the highest market growth rates recorded in the emerging markets. Q1. Identify the main environmental forces currently affecting the global pharmaceutical industry. It is expected that all aspects of the PESTEL analysis will be addressed. Illustrative points are given here, but this is by no means exhaustive. Political – Government’s focus on the industry as an easy target in the drive to reduce healthcare expenditure; public outcry over safelyRead MoreProduct Liability Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pagesoffered to the consumer, who is to blame if someone is injured? Similar to most questions derived from this course, the answer is it depends. From a legal standpoint, the contract or arrangement must first be analyzed. If, for example, the activity is a high risk activity such as sky diving or feeding sharks on a scuba dive, then the legal concept of duty of care obviously plays a major role. Without sufficient training, education, and discussion of the inherent risks, potential problems,